How can financial inclusion be measured and monitored?

Financial inclusion can be measured and monitored using various indicators. Here are a few commonly used ones:

1. Access to financial services: This indicator measures the percentage of the population that has access to formal financial services such as bank accounts, insurance, and credit.

2. Usage of financial services: This indicator measures the frequency and intensity of usage of formal financial services by individuals and households.

3. Quality of financial services: This indicator measures the quality of financial services being provided to customers, including the availability of affordable and appropriate financial products.

4. Financial literacy: This indicator measures the knowledge, skills, and confidence of individuals to make informed financial decisions.

5. Digital infrastructure: This indicator measures the availability and quality of digital infrastructure, such as mobile networks and internet connectivity, which is necessary for the delivery of digital financial services.

Governments, financial institutions, and development organizations use these indicators to track progress towards financial inclusion goals and identify areas that need improvement.